Understanding crop processing and its social meaning in the Xinzhai period (1850–1750 cal bce): a case study on the Xinzhai site, China

Abstract Although the Xinzhai period (1850–1750 cal bce ) has been widely regarded as a critical time for development of urbanization in China, little is known about labour and social organization time. In this paper, archaeobotanical assemblages have used to explore evidence crop processing they provided further insights into society at site on Central Plain China. This first case study linking agricultural activities period. By discussing macro-botanical phytolith results together, we conclude that hulled cereals Setaria italica (foxtail millet), Panicum miliaceum (common or broomcorn millet) Oryza sativa (rice), free-threshing pulse Glycine max (soybean) were all partly processed before storage reduce demand harvest Since these summer-sown crops are harvested autumn, practice partial might imply less was needed storage. Thus, appears organized basis small production units such households. pattern different from communal bulk by contemporary inhabitants Dongzhao. Different patterns various settlements can thus be suggested. conclusion contributes comprehensive understanding communities living indicates steady increase complexity very likely urbanization.